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Story: Rock, limestone and clay

Māori words for soil

Soil type Description
Oneone Soil, earth – a general term
Kenepuru Silt; fresh alluvial deposit (also kerepuru)
Keretū Clay
Kerematua Stiff clay
Kerewhenua Yellow clay
Kirikiri tuatara Fertile brown soil
Kōtae Alluvial soil
Kōtore White clay
Matapaia A clay which, when baked hard, was used as stone for cooking
Onehanahana Dark soil mixed with gravel or small stones
Oneharuru Light but good soil; sand and loam
Onehunga Sea sand, sandy beach; sometimes mixed with mud
Onekopuru Soil found in wet situations
Onekōkopu Gravel, or very gravelly soil
Onekura Reddish, poor soil
Onemata Dark, fertile soil
Onematua Loam
Onenui Rich soil consisting of clay, sand and decayed organic material
Onepārakiwai Silt (also parakiwai)
Oneparaumu Very dark fertile soil; friable
Oneparahuhu Alluvium (also parahua)
Onepākirikiri Soil containing gravel
Onepū Sand
Onepunga Light spongy soil
Onetai Sandy soil
Onetakataka Friable soil
Onetea White soil; sandy volcanic matter
Onetuatara Stiff brown soil, fertile, but needing sand or gravel worked in
Onewawata Lumpy soil
Taioma Pipe clay
Tuatara wawata Brown friable, fertile soil suitable for kūmara
Uku Unctuous clay, white or bluish

As gardeners, Māori had many terms for different types of soil. While they never fired clay to make pottery, they were well aware of it – as is clear in this list replicated from the ethnographer Elsdon Best’s book Maori agriculture. Māori also used stone to build rows and walls for gardens, and occasionally for defensive walls in their .

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How to cite this page

Carl Walrond, Rock, limestone and clay – Clay, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/en/table/5241/maori-words-for-soil (accessed 18 June 2026).

Story by Carl Walrond, published 2 March 2009.