Te Ara at a glance Section: Government and NationParliamentary Elections and PartiesElectoral systemsLabour PartyMāori representationNational PartyParliamentPolitical partiesPremiers and prime ministersLatest StoriesGovernors and governors generalHousing and governmentHuman rightsPostage stampsRoyal familyTreaty of Waitangi settlement processSection: Social ConnectionsCommunity OrganisationsAnti-racism and Treaty of Waitangi activismDisability and disability organisationsHealth advocacy and self-helpMen’s clubsMigrant and refugee organisationsNgā rōpū – Māori organisationsPrisoner support and advocacyVoluntary welfare organisationsWomen’s labour organisationsWomen’s networks and clubsYouth organisationsCrimeChild abuseCrime and the mediaDomestic violenceGangsProperty crimeSecurity and personal safetyVictims of crimeViolent crimeYouth offendersDifference and InequalityClassCultural go-betweensEthnic and religious intoleranceEthnic inequalitiesEuropean ideas about MāoriGender inequalitiesIntermarriageMāori–Pākehā relationsNgā tuakiri hou – new Māori identitiesTe mana o te wāhine – Māori womenTūranga i te hapori – status in Māori societyWomen and menWomen’s movementFamily, Whānau and HouseholdsAdoptionChildren’s homes and fosteringCommunes and communitiesDiverse familiesDivorce and separationFamilies: a historyFamily welfareGenealogy and family historyMarriage and partneringWhakapapa – genealogyWhānau – Māori and familyWhāngai – customary fostering and adoptionHealthAlternative health therapiesCare and carersChild and youth healthDental careEpidemicsHealth and societyHealth practitionersHospitalsMedicines and remediesMental health servicesMen’s healthPacific Island healthPrimary health carePublic healthSuicideTe hauora Māori i mua – history of Māori healthWomen’s healthLife Stages and PopulationChildhoodDeath and dyingDeath rates and life expectancyInheritanceKaumātua – Māori eldersMidlife adultsNgā mātua – Māori parentingNgā tamariki – Māori childhoodsOlder peopleParentingPopulation changeTangihanga – death customsTaupori Māori – Māori population changeTeenagers and youthReligionAnglican ChurchAtheism and secularismCatholic ChurchDiverse Christian churchesDiverse religionsInterdenominational ChristianityMethodist ChurchMissions and missionariesNgā hāhi – Māori and Christian denominationsNgā karakia a te Māori – traditional Māori religionNgā poropiti – Māori prophetic movementsPacific churches in New ZealandPresbyterian ChurchReligion and societySalvation ArmyTe Haahi Rātana – the Rātana ChurchSexuality and ReproductionAbortionContraception and sterilisationGay men’s livesGender diversityHōkakatanga – Māori sexualitiesInfertility and childlessnessLesbian livesLove and romancePregnancy, birth and baby careSex workSexual healthSexualitiesTe whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birthSection: Economy and the CityEconomic History and GeographyBusiness cyclesCustoms and tariffsEconomic historyEconomic thoughtGovernment and industrial developmentNgā umanga – Māori business enterpriseOverseas trade policyRegional economiesSouth Pacific economic relationsTe Māori i te ohanga – Māori in the economyTe ohanga onamata a rohe – economic regionsInfrastructure and ServicesAmbulance servicesEnergy supply and useFires and fire servicesHydroelectricityMail and couriersMātauranga hangarau – information technologySewage, water and wasteTelecommunicationsLabour ForceApprenticeships and trade trainingEmployer and business organisationsHousehold servicesNgā uniana – Māori and the union movementOccupational structureStrikes and labour disputesTe rāngai mahi – Māori in the workforceUnions and employee organisationsUnpaid domestic workWorkforce compositionWorkplace safety and compensationManufacturing and BuildingAgricultural processing industriesBuilding and construction industryBuilding materialsBuilding tradesClothing and footwear manufacturingEngineeringFactory industriesFood and beverage manufacturingInventions, patents and trademarksManufacturing – an overviewPulp and paper, aluminium and steel industriesWorkshop industriesRetail and CommerceAccountancyAdvertisingBusiness failures and corporate fraudDepartment stores and shopping mallsFood shopsInsuranceKnowledge-based industriesMarketsNgā haumi a iwi – Māori investmentReal estateSecond-hand tradeShopsStock marketTe tāpoi Māori – Māori tourismTourist industryThe CityCity boosters and promotersCity children and youthCity history and peopleCity imagesCity parks and green spacesCity planningCity public spacesCity stylesCulture and recreation in the cityHotels and motelsInner-city livingMen and women in the cityNgā tāone nui – Māori and the cityParades and protest marchesStreet lifeSuburbsThe EconomyBalance of paymentsBanking and financeEconomy and the environmentIncome and wealth distributionIndustrial sectorsInternational economic relationsInvestmentLarge companiesLaw and the economyNational income and GDPPrices and inflationSpending in the economyTaxesTransportBicyclesBridges and tunnelsCars and the motor industryCoaches and long-distance busesFerriesFreight and warehousingMotorcyclesPublic transportRailway accidentsRailwaysRoad accidentsRoadsStreets and lightingTaxis and cabsTransport – overviewSection: The BushUnderstanding the Natural WorldNative plants and animals – overviewThe New Zealand bushCollections of plants and animalsEarly mappingEcoregionsEuropean discovery of plants and animalsEvolution of plants and animalsEuropean explorationGeomorphology – a historyKōrero taiao – sayings from natureNgā waewae tapu – Māori explorationPatupaiarehePerceptions of the landscapeSoil investigationTaniwhaTe Ao Mārama – the natural worldTe Waonui a Tāne – forest mythologyLandscapesLandscapes – overviewDune landsGlaciers and glaciationLakesLimestone countryMountainsNearshore islandsPapatūānuku – the landRiversSoilsWaterfallsWetlandsNative Plants & FungiAlpine plantsConifer–broadleaf forestsConifersFerns and lycophytesFlax and flax workingForest succession and regenerationFungiGrasslandsKauri forestLichensLiverworts and hornwortsMossesNew Zealand species overseasOrchidsPoisonous plants and fungiShrublandsShrubs and small trees of the forestSouthern beech forestTall broadleaf treesFish, Frogs & ReptilesEelsFrogsLife in fresh waterLizardsFreshwater fishNgārara – reptilesTuataraWhitebait and whitebaitingInsects & Other InvertebratesInsects – overviewAntsBeetlesButterflies and mothsCicadasGlow-wormsPeripatusSandflies and mosquitoesSnails and slugsSpiders and other arachnidsStick insectsTe aitanga pepeke – the insect worldWasps and beesWētāNative Birds & BatsLand birds – overviewBatsBirds of open countryBirds of preyKiwiLarge forest birdsMoaNgā manu – birdsSmall forest birdsWetland birdsUses of the BushBush trams and other log transportHorticultural use of native plantsKauri gum and gum diggingLogging native forestsPlant extractsRongoā – medicinal use of plantsTe hopu tuna – eelingTe ngahere – forest loreTe tāhere manu – bird catchingBush and Mountain RecreationBirdwatchingCanoeing and raftingCavingMountaineeringSearch and rescueSkiingTrampingWalking tracksConservationConservation – a historyExtinctionsHuman effects on the environmentIntroduced animal pestsKaitiakitanga – guardianship and conservationNational parksProtected areasThreatened speciesWeeds of the bushSection: Earth, Sea and SkyAstronomyAstronomy – overviewMaramataka – the lunar calendarMatariki – Māori New YearMeteoritesNight skyRanginui – the skySouthern CrossTimekeepingBirds of Sea and ShoreSeabirds – overviewAlbatrossesBird migrationGannets and boobiesGulls, terns and skuasHeronsPenguinsPetrelsShagsWading birdsClimate and AtmosphereAtmosphereClimateClimate changeLightTāwhirimātea – the weatherWeatherWeather forecastingWind and solar powerGeologyGeology – overviewFossilsGemstonesGeological explorationKōhatu – Māori use of stoneMagnetic fieldRock and mineral namesWhenua – how the land was shapedHarvesting the SeaAquacultureFishing industryMātaitai – shellfish gatheringRecreational sea fishingSeafoodSealingTe hī ika – Māori fishingTītī − muttonbirdingWhalingHot Springs and Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energyHot springs, mud pools and geysersLife in hot springsThermal pools and spasMarine EnvironmentsCoastal shorelineEstuariesFiordsOpen oceanSea floorMineral ResourcesMining and underground resourcesBuilding stoneCoal and coal miningGold and gold miningIron and steelMarine mineralsOil and gasPounamu – jade or greenstoneRadioactive mineralsRock, limestone and claySaltNatural Hazards and DisastersNatural hazards – overviewActive faultsEarthquakesFloodsHistoric earthquakesHistoric volcanic activityLandslidesTsunamisVolcanoesOcean Study and ConservationCharting the sea floorCoastal erosionEngineering on the sea floorLaw of the foreshore and seabedLaw of the seaMarine conservationMarine invadersOcean currents and tidesSea floor geologyTangaroa – the seaRecreation – Sea and SkyAerial recreationBeach cultureBeachcombingDiving and snorkellingKites and manu tukutukuLifesaving and surfingOpen water swimmingSailing and windsurfingSea and Air TransportAir crashesAviationCastawaysLighthousesPorts and harboursSeafarersShipbuildingShippingShipwrecksWaka – canoesSea LifeCoastal fishCorals, anemones and jellyfishCrabs, crayfish and other crustaceansDeep-sea creaturesDolphinsMarine animals without backbonesOceanic fishOctopus and squidOrcasPlanktonSealsSeaweedSharks and raysShellfishStarfish, sea urchins and other echinodermsTe whānau puha – whalesWhalesSection: Settled LandscapeAnimal FarmingBeef farmingBeekeepingDairying and dairy productsDeer and deer farmingDiseases of sheep, cattle and deerExotic farm animalsGoats and goat farmingMeat and woolPigs and the pork industryPoultry industryShearingSheep farmingChanging the LandscapeFarm fencingOneone – soilsTe mahi kai – food production economicsFarm mechanisationFarming and the environmentFarming in the economyFire and agricultureIrrigation and drainagePasturesSoil erosion and conservationSoils and regional land useWater qualityWater resourcesClaiming the LandAhuwhenua – Māori land and agricultureTe tango whenua – Māori land alienationLand ownershipModern mapping and surveyingPlace namesTake whenua – Māori land tenureTapa whenua – naming placesCountry LifeCountry schoolingCountry townsDuck shootingFarm buildingsFarm familiesFreshwater fishingGame birdsHuntingRural clothingRural languageRural mediaRural mythologiesRural recreationRural servicesRural tourismRural workersShows and field daysCropsApples and pearsKai Pākehā – introduced foodsNgā tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from PolynesiaArable farmingCitrus, berries, exotic fruit and nutsHops, tobacco and hempKiwifruitKūmaraMarket gardens and production nurseriesMushrooms and other cultivated fungiOrganic farmingStone fruit and the summerfruit industryViticultureWineFarming Support ServicesAgricultural and horticultural researchAgricultural educationBiosecurityFarmer and grower organisationsFertiliser industryGovernment and agricultureStock and station agenciesSuperphosphateTopdressingTransport of animalsVeterinary servicesIntroduced Plants and AnimalsAcclimatisationKiore – Pacific ratsKurī – Polynesian dogsCoarse fishEarthwormsFarm dogsHōiho – horses and iwiHorsesInsect pests of crops, pasture and forestryIntroduced land birdsPetsPossumsRabbitsTrout and salmonWeeds of agricultureZoos and aquariumsTrees and GardensExotic forestryForestry researchGardensPublic gardensRadiata pineShelter on farmsTrees in the rural landscapeSection: Māori New ZealandersIwiHauraki tribesMāori overseasMarutūahu tribesMorioriMuaūpokoMuriwhenua tribesNgā Rauru KītahiNgāi TahuNgāi TūhoeNgāpuhiNgāti ApaNgāti AwaNgāti KahungunuNgāti ManiapotoNgāti PorouNgāti RaukawaNgāti RongomaiwahineNgāti RuanuiNgāti ToarangatiraNgāti TūwharetoaNgāti WhātuaRangitāneTāmaki tribesTaranaki tribeTauranga Moana tribesTe ArawaTe Āti Awa of TaranakiTe Āti Awa of WellingtonTe Tau Ihu tribesTe WhakatōheaTe Whānau-ā-ApanuiTūranganui-a-Kiwa tribesUrban MāoriWaikato tribesWhanganui tribesWhāngārei tribesMaori origins and arrivalsPacific migrationsCanoe navigationWhen was New Zealand first settled?Ideas of Māori originsHawaikiMāori creation traditionsFirst peoples in Māori traditionCanoe traditionsTribal organisationSection: New Zealand PeoplesOrigins and arrivalsEuropean discovery of New ZealandHistory of immigrationThe voyage outImmigration regulationRefugeesCitizenshipPeoplesAfricansAustraliansCambodiansCentral and South-eastern EuropeansChineseCook IslandersDalmatiansDutchEnglishFijiansFilipinosFrenchGermansGreeks – the Hellenic communityHungariansIndiansIndonesiansIrishItaliansJapaneseJewsKiwis overseasKoreansLaotiansLatin AmericansMalaysians and SingaporeansMiddle Eastern peoplesNiueansNorth AmericansOther Western EuropeansPolesRussians, Ukrainians and Baltic peoplesSamoansScandinaviansScotsSouth AfricansSouth Pacific peoplesSri LankansSwissThaisThe New ZealandersTokelauansTongansVietnameseWelshSection: PlacesAucklandAuckland regionAuckland placesBay of PlentyBay of Plenty regionBay of Plenty placesCanterburyCanterbury regionCanterbury placesEast CoastEast Coast regionEast Coast placesHauraki–CoromandelHauraki–Coromandel regionHauraki–Coromandel placesHawke's BayHawke’s Bay regionHawke’s Bay placesKing CountryKing Country regionKing Country placesManawatū and HorowhenuaManawatū and Horowhenua regionManawatū and Horowhenua placesMarlboroughMarlborough regionMarlborough placesNelsonNelson regionNelson placesNorthlandNorthland regionNorthland placesOtagoOtago regionOtago placesSouth CanterburySouth Canterbury regionSouth Canterbury placesSouthlandSouthland regionSouthland placesTaranakiTaranaki regionTaranaki placesVolcanic PlateauVolcanic Plateau regionVolcanic Plateau placesWaikatoWaikato regionWaikato placesWairarapaWairarapa regionWairarapa placesWellingtonWellington regionWellington placesWest CoastWest Coast regionWest Coast placesWhanganuiWhanganui regionWhanganui placesSection: New Zealand in BriefCreative lifeNew Zealand creativityVisual arts and craftsDesign and fashionArchitectureFilm and broadcastingWriting and publishingMusicPerforming artsMāoriPeople and culture todayPre-European societyThe arrival of EuropeansDecline and revivalUrbanisation and renaissanceHistoryMāori arrival and settlementEuropeans to 1840British sovereignty and settlementWar, expansion and depressionLiberal to LabourThe later 20th centuryEconomyDistinctive featuresAgricultural productionOther primary productionSecondary productionTertiary productionExternal tradeConsumptionWorkers and incomesThe Māori economy: a historyThe European economy: a historyNatural environmentGeography and geologyCoastsClimateThe bush and its plantsFaunaNation and governmentThe origins of nationhoodFrom colony to nationThe constitutionSystem of governmentThe electoral systemThe state sector and Crown entitiesThe legal systemLocal governmentNationhood and identityNew Zealand in the worldSocietyThe people of New ZealandWhere New Zealanders liveFamilies and householdsSex and genderThe health of the nationEducationReligion and the churchesModern societyFood, drink and dressSports and leisureHome and cityGamblingInformal sportsOrganised sportsSite InformationTe Ara Encyclopedia of New ZealandComing upWho is Te Ara?Contact usHow to use Te AraSearching Te AraTe Ara RSS subscriptionsTe Ara technologyCopyrightDisclaimerGlossaryAbout this siteChanges to the siteTe Ara in printTe Ara BiographiesAccess deniedBrowse