Nā ngā porotū Māori o ngā 1970 me ngā 1980 i tino panoni te āhua i whakaarohia a Aotearoa e āna tāngata, ā, he pēhea te whakaratonga a te kāwanatanga i ngā ratonga ki ngā tāngata nō Aotearoa. I tīmata te rāngai tūmatanui ki te kōrero mō he Aotearoa me tikanga rua me te aro atu ki te Tiriti o Waitangi hei pukapuka taketake o te motu. Ka tīmata ngā tari kāwanatanga ki te aro atu ki te whakaaro me tautokohia ōkawatia ngā reo, ngā ahurea me ngā kōrero tuku iho o te, Pākehā me te Māori e te kāwanatanga. I te tau 1987, ka puta te reo Māori hei reo ōkawa o Aotearoa i raro i te Ture Reo Māori. Nā reira, i taea ai e te katoa te whakamahi i te reo Māori ki ngā wāhi ōkawa pērā i te Pāremata me ngā kōti.
Putanga ki te ao tikanga rua
Nā Ranginui Walker (Whakatōhea) he kaituhi, he pūkenga, i tuhi, ‘To survive in the political economy, Māori are impelled to learn and to function in two cultures. Therefore Māori are, by definition, bicultural.’1I roto i tana pukapuka o 1992 Becoming bicultural, ka whakaahua te kaimātai hinengaro mātauranga a James Ritchie biculturalism pēnei ‘a fact of contemporary social life so profound that everything we do, everything we are, must be considered and reconsidered in terms of it. My world is divided not just into Māori and Pākehā but into those who think biculturally and those who do not’2
Te pūrongo a te Kōmihana Roera 1987
I te mutunga o ngā 1980, ka puta ngā pūrongo i te rāngai tūmatanui i wehe i ngā kaupapahere whakapākehā o mua, ā, ka whakaata i te Aotearoa hou e whai ana i te tikanga rua. Ka marohi ētahi o ēnei pūrongo i ngā panoni ki ngā tari kāwanatanga kia tika, kia whaitake hoki mā te Māori.
Tērā pea ko te tauira matua o te wawata tikanga rua i whakamahia e te rāngai tūmatanui ko te pūrongo a te Kōmihana Roera mō te Kaupapahere Pāpori i te tau 1987. Ka kī te pūrongo ‘the Maori dimension is basic to New Zealand society and this must have profound implications for all social policy.’3 Ka whakaurua i te kōrero whānui o te Tiriti o Waitangi me ngā hīraunga me ngā whāinga mō te kaupapahere pāpori. Ko te mea tino nui, ko ētahi o ngā upoko o te pūrongo i whakamāoritia ki te reo Māori, e whakaata ana kua noho te reo Māori hei reo ōkawa o Aotearoa i te tau 1987.
Ētahi atu pūrongo kaupapahere
I te tau 1986, nā Pūao-te-ata-tū: daybreak i tuku te tirohanga Māori mō te Tari Hauora Pāpori. Pērā i ētahi atu pūrongo, ka whakaata te ingoa reo rua i te tūmanako kia whaiwhakaaro ki ngā hononga Māori–kāwanatanga i runga i te ara hou, me te tikanga rua. I te tau 1988 i karanga te pepa kaupapahere kāwanatanga mō ngā take Māori, He tirohanga rangapū: partnership perspectives, mō ngā panoni nui ki te whakaratonga o ngā ratonga take Māori kia whai wāhi atu te Māori. Engari ko te urupare kē a te kāwanatanga Reipa, Te urupare rangapu: partnership response, i marohi i te hanganga anō iti o te Tari Take Māori. Ka āhua haere tonu te whakaaro tikanga rua i raro i te kāwanatanga Nahinara i 1990. Ka whakaritea e Ka awatea: a new day te tauira a te kāwanatanga mō te whanaketanga Māori, i arotahi ki te mātauranga hei kaupapa matua mō te whakatutukitanga Māori.
Te whakahou i te rāngai kāwanatanga
Ko tētahi whakaaweawe o ngā whakahou rāngai kāwanatanga kia whakaahu kē te āhua o waho o te rāngai, me tana urupare ki te Māori, kia āhua tikanga rua. Tatū rawa ki ngā 2000, i whai te nuinga o ngā tari kāwanatanga i te ingoa Māori. E kitea nuitia ana te karakia me te waiata ki ngā hui ōkawa, ā, i whakaratohia te whakatā tangihanga. I tēnei wā ko ngā kupu, ngā tohu me ngā ariā Māori e kitea whānuitia i roto, i waho hoki i te kāwanatanga me te rāngai tūmatanui. I raro i te Public Service Act 2020 me aro atu ngā kaihautū matua i roto i te rāngai tūmatanui ki ngā whāinga me ngā tūmanako Māori, me te taurima kia nui ake te whai wāhi o ngāi Māori i roto i te ratonga tūmatanui.
Te whakahou i ētahi atu whakanōhanga
Ahakoa ka whanaketia te kaupapahere tikanga rua i roto i te rāngai tūmatanui, tērā ētahi atu wāhanga o te pāpori o Aotearoa e wānanga ana i ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te tikanga rua. I te tau 1986, i tukuna atu e te kōmihana tikanga rua a te Hāhi Mihinare te pūrongo Te kaupapa tikanga rua: bi-cultural development. I tūtohu tēnei kia panoni i te turepapa o te hāhi ki te whakaata me te whakapūmau i te rangapū me te tikanga rua. Ka whakatinana te hāhi i te nuinga o ngā tūtohu o te kōmihana, ā, i tēnei wā e whakaata tonu ana i ngā panoni o ngā 1980.
I tohe te rōia matatika tāngata, a Moana Jackson ((Ngāti Kahungunu, Rongomaiwahine, Ngāti Porou) mō te āhua kaha ake o te tikanga rua mā te whakatūnga o te pūnaha manatika Māori. I tohe a Ahorangi Whatarangi Winiata (Ngāti Raukawa) kia pai ake te whakaata o te manapori pāremata o Aotearoa i te āhuatanga o te rangapū tiriti.
He nui hoki ngā panoni e haere tonu ana e whakaata ana i te haerenga tikanga rua kua puta i ētahi atu āhuatanga o te pāpori o Aotearoa. I mua i ngā 1990, ka waiatahia te ngaringari ā-motu i roto i te reo Pākehā. I te wā i waiata a Hinewehi Mohi (Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāi Tūhoe) i te ngaringari ki te reo Māori anake i tētahi kēmu whutupāori i Twickenham i Piritānia, ka puta mai te taupatupatu ā-motu. Ka māori noa te waiata i te wāhanga reo Māori o te ngaringari ā-motu i te tuatahi, whai muri ko te mea Pākehā, ā, ināianei, koinei te āhuatanga e waiatatia ai te ngaringari ā-motu. Mai i te tau 2022, i whakanui te hararei tūmatanui hou i te Hune i a Matariki, te tau hou Māori.
Te whakarauora i te reo Māori
Ko te whakarauora i te reo Māori tētahi wāhanga waiwai o te tikanga rua i roto i ngā tau tata. Kei te piki te maha o ngā tāngata nō Aotearoa e taea ai te kōrero pai ake i ngā kupu me ngā kīanga ruarua noa iho. Ehara i te mea rerekē kia rongo i ngā ingoa reo Māori, reo Pākehā hoki o ngā tāone me ngā tāonenui, ā, he maha ngā tāngata e kōrero i te ingoa Aotearoa mō tō tātou motu.
