He paku rerekē nei te tikanga mahi o te kaiwhakamārama reo ā-tuhi me te kaiwhakamārama reo ā-waha. Ko te kaiwhakamārama reo ā-waha ka whakamārama wawe i te kupu kī. Ko te kaiwhakamārama ā-tuhi ka mahi ki ngā tuhinga, me te aro ki te hopu i te tikanga o te kōrero.
Nō te whānau reo o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa te reo Māori. Nō konei ka noho te rangatira o Tahiti a Tupaia hei kaiwhakamārama reo mā Kāpene Kuki i tōna haerenga tuatahi ki Aotearoa i te tau 1769. I Tūranganui-a-Kiwa ka rokohangatia ngā Māori i runga i ngā waka e rua. Ka whakatata atu ki te kaipuke, ā, ka whakawhiti kōrero rāua ki a Tupaia. He mārama tonu ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te hunga nei.1
Nō tētahi pō i te tau 1845, ka oho ake te mihinare a Robert Maunsell i te auau o te kurī. I tōna ohonga, e mura ana tōna whare, ā, ka wera hoki tāna whakamāoritanga o te Paipera Tawhito. 13 tau i muri mai, ka whakatau ake a Maunsell. ‘Kua oti te kupu a te Atua te tā ki te reo Māori … tiwhatiwha katoa te ao i ngā tau 13 ki mua, i te weranga o tōku whare, o ōku pepa me ōku tuhinga i roto i te haora me te hāwhe.’2
Nō te tīmatatanga o te noho a te Pākehā ki Aotearoa, me whakawhitiwhiti kōrero rātou me te Māori e puta ai te ihu. He tūranga hira tō te kaiwhakamārama reo ki ngā taha e rua. Ko te rangatira o Ngāpuhi ko Ruatara tētahi i whai i ngā mihinare pērā i a Samuel Marsden ki roto o Pēwhairangi i te tau 1814. Nāna i whakamāori te kauhau a Marsden i te Kirihimete i taua tau. ‘Ka kī atu ngā Māori ki a Ruatara, tē āro i a rātou te tikanga o aku kōrero. Ka whakahoki ia kia kaua rātou e māharahara, māna tonu e whakamārama ngā kōrero. I te mutunga o taku kauhau, ka whakamārama ia i aku kōrero ki te minenga.’3
Ko te hunga Pākehā i noho ki waenganui i te Māori, ā, i ako ki te reo i kīia he Pākehā-Māori. Ko tētahi o ngā Pākehā nei ko te kaihoko ko Dicky Barrett. E ai ki a Henry Williams ko ia te kauwaka kawe whakaaro i waenganui i te Kamupene o Niu Tīreni me te Māori’.4 Heoi ko te reo Māori a Barrett nā ngā kaipatu wēra i homai, ā, i ōrite ki te kūkū Ingarihi a ngā Hainamana’. Nāwai ka kitea e te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi he koretake a Barrett hei kaiwhakamārama reo, arā, i te tāpaetanga hoko o tētahi whenua, kīhai ia i whakamārama tika i ngā kōrero ki ngā Māori’.6
Nāwai ka taunga ētahi mihinare ki te reo Māori, ā, he nui ngā whiti o Te Paipera me ētahi atu tuhinga Karaitiana tapu i whakaputaina ki te reo Māori. Nō te tau 1837, kua oti kē i a William Williams te whakamāori i te Paipera Hou me te nuinga o te puka o ngā īnoi whānui. I kite a William Colenso i te uaua o te whakamāori i te kupu kōrero. E ai ki a ia he reo tohunga te reo Māori … ko tōna oro, ko tōna iere, ko ōna kupu whakawhāiti, ko tōna whānuitanga, he mea mīharo … e whai hua ana ngā tikanga maha i roto i te reo … tata tonu e kore e taea te whakamārama ki te reo Pākehā.’7
Ko te whakamāoritanga ongaonga rawa atu ko te whakamāramatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi. Nā Henry Williams rāua ko tana tama nā Edward i whakamāori te tiriti i te pō kotahi, arā, i te 4 o Huitanguru i te tau 1840. Ehara te tokorua nei i te mātanga ki te reo Māori pērā i ētahi o ngā mihinare pērā i a Colenso. Ka whakaae a Te Karuwhā, ‘I roto i tēnei whakamāoritanga ka mahue ngā rerenga kōrero Ingarihi, tā te mea kāore ōna ritenga i te reo Māori, e whakaputaina ai te wairua me te āhua tonu o te tiriti.’1 Nā reira ka rerekē te tikanga o ngā rerenga o te Tiriti reo Māori, nā te āhua tonu o tā Te Karuwhā whakamāori i te reo Pākehā.
I roto i te wāhanga Māori o te tiriti ka whakanōhia te tino rangatiratanga (‘full, exclusive and undisturbed possesion’) ki ngā rangatira Māori, o ō rātou whenua, o ō rātou kāinga, me ō rātou taonga katoa. E rima tau i mua kua haina ngā rangatira o Te Ika-a-Māui i Te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga, arā, te Declaration of Independence. Nāwai, nāwai ko aua rangatira anō ka tāmoko i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ko te āhua nei i te mahara ētahi o ngā kaihaina o te tiriti ki ngā kōrero o te Whakaputanga mō te tino rangatiratanga, ā, kīhai rātou i mārama e tuku atu ana rātou i te mana motuhake ki te Karauna.
I te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te 6 o Hongongoi i te tau 1840 ka māharahara a Colenso mō te kore e mārama o ētahi rangatira ki te tiriti.2 Ki a Kāwana Hopihana, tino nui te whakapaunga kaha a te taha Ingarihi ki te whakamārama i te tiriti ki ngā rangatira.3 I ēnei rā tonu nei, e tautohe tonutia ana ngā whakaritenga o te tiriti.
I te tau 1842 ka whakaputaina te niupepa reo Māori tuatahi o Te Karere o Nui Tireni. Nā te kāwanatanga i whakaputa tēnei niupepa hei whakawhiti i ngā whakaaro a te kāwanatanga ki te Māori. I ngā tekau tau o muri mai he nui noa atu ngā whakaputanga ka whakamāoritia, i te taunga haere o te Māori ki te pānui i tōna ake reo, engari kāore i pai ki te pānui Ingarihi.
Mā te matatau ki ngā reo e rua ka hua ake te whakamāramatanga tōtika. He Pākehā te matua tāne o Pei Te Hurinui Jone, ā, he wahine rangatira nō Ngāti Maniapoto tōna whaea. He iti noa iho ōna tohu kura, engari ka maiangi ia hei kaituhi autaia i roto i ngā reo e rua. Ko ētahi o ngā tuhinga nāna i whakamāori ko tā Edward Fitzgerald The rubáiyát of OmarKhayyám, ko ngā whakaari a Rūrūtao a The merchant of Venice, a Julius Caesar me Othello. I te tau 2002 ka hangaia te kiriata Māori o The merchant of Venice, arā, Te tangata whai rawa o Wēneti.
I te mutunga o te rautau 1800 ka kaha hiahiatia ngā kaiwhakamārama reo ki ngā kōti, ngā tari kāwanatanga me ngā huihuinga ōkawa a te Pākehā me te Māori. I tērā wā, tata tonu ki te katoa o te iwi Māori e kōrero Māori ana, engari he itiiti noa iho i kōrero Pākehā. He rite tonu he hawhekaihe ngā kaiwhakamārama reo, he Pākehā rānei i tipu ake i te mātotorutanga o te iwi i ngā kaīnga Māori.
Mai anō i te tau 1840 he take ongaonga te whakamahi i te reo Māori i roto i te Pāremata, i roto i ngā ture. Nō te tau 1858 kātahi anō ka tāia he ture ki te reo Māori, ahakoa ko te huhua noa o ngā ture kua oti kē te whakahipa, pērā i ngā ture whenua Māori. Nō te kōwhiringa mai o ngā māngai Māori tuatahi i te tau 1868, he itiiti noa iho te reo Pākehā i a rātou. Kīhai anō i whakamāoritia ngā kauhau a ngā Pākehā i ngā wā katoa, nā reira kīhai ngā māngai Māori i whai wāhi ki ngā tautohetohe o te whare.
Nō te tekau tau 1880 e toru ngā kaiwhakamārama reo o te Paremata hei whakapākehā i ngā kauhau a ngā māngai Māori, me te whakamāori anō i ngā tuhinga kāwanatanga. I te tau 1913 ka whakaturea e te Kaikōrero o te whare kia kaua anō ngā māngai e mātau ana ki te kōrero Pākehā e kōrero i te reo Māori, ki te kore he kaiwhakamārama reo i reira. Nō te tekau tau 1930, ka whakatau ngā māngai Māori mā rātou anō ā rātou kōrero e whakamārama.
Mō te tino nuinga o te rautau 1900, i paheke haere te tokomaha o ngā kaiwhakamārama reo, nā te āhei o ngā Māori ki te kōrero Pākehā, me te kūare o te nuinga ki te kōrero Māori. Ko te tipunga o te pōhēhē tērā ko te reo Pākehā te reo ‘mō ngā kaupapa katoa’, o Aotearoa. I tērā wā kāore te Pāremata i aro ki tētahi kaiwhakamārama reo. Ōrua mai kua whāiti noa te reo Māori ki ngā marae, me te hunga ngaio ki ngā tikanga me te reo Māori.
I muri i ngā whakapātaritari ki te hunga tōrangapū, ka whakamanahia te reo Māori hei reo ōkawa o Aotearoa, ā, ka rangona whānuitia i ngā wāhi tūmatanui. Kātahi ka matomato te tipu o ngā tuhinga reorua, ā, ka piki haere ake te maha o ngā kaiwhakamārama reo. Ko rātou i tū ki mua i te kōti, ka āhei te kōwhiri i tō rātou reo tuku kōrero. I te tau 1996 ka whakaputaina te reo Māori ki te pepa tatauranga ā-motu.
I te tau 1990 ka whakaputaina te pukapuka tuatahi (o ngā pukapuka e rima) o Ngā tāngata taumata rau i te Tari Taiwhenua me Allen and Unwin New Zealand. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakamāori i ngā hautaka Māori o te Dictionary of New Zealand biography. Neke atu i te 20 ngā kaiwhakamārama reo mai i ngā rohe huri noa i mahi ki te kaupapa nei, ka mutu hei whakaū i te reo ā-iwi o ngā tīpuna. Ko tēnei te whakamāori nui rawa mai anō i te whakamāoritanga o te Paipera i ngā rautau ki mua.
I te tau 1990 ka whakataua e te kaikōrero o te Paremata ka kore anō te māngai e whakamārama i āna ake kōrero. Whai i muri i te tau 1999 ka tohua tētahi kaiwhakamārama reo mō te Paremata. I te tau 2004, ka tū te ratonga whakamārama reo o te Paremata, me ngā kaiwhakamārama reo tokotoru (nāwai tokowhā rātou). I te tau 2010 ka rangona ngā whakamārama i roto i te whare, ki te taiwhanga tūmatanui me te hōngere Paremata.
Nō te whakatuwheratanga o ngā kura kaupapa ka whakatenatenahia te whakamāoritanga o ngā rauemi marautanga. I roto i ngā whakamātautau kura tuarua, whare wānanga hoki, ka āhei te tauira ki te whakautu i tōna whakamātautau ki te reo. I te tau 2013 ka whakamāoritia ngā whakamātautau NCEA. 16 ngā momo kaupapa, pērā i te mahi kaute, i te mahi pakihi, i te ahupūngao, me te Pāniora. Ko ngā tauira whare wānanga ka aromatawaitia i roto i te reo Māori, ā, mā te whare wānanga anō e whakarite ngā whakamāramatanga.
I te tau 2013 ka puta te whakamāoritanga tuatahi o te katoa o tētahi ture. I mua atu ka whakaturehia te ture, kātahi ka whakamāoritia. Kāti, ko te Ture (Whakahoki i te Mana) o Mokomoko, te ture tuatahi kia whakaputaina ki ngā reo e rua.
Nō te tipu haeretanga o ngā whakawhitinga pūhiko ka whanake haere ngā pūnaha whakamārama reo hei kapo atu mō te tangata reo Māori, me te tangata reo Pākehā. I te tau 2009 ka tāpirihia te reo Māori ki te ratonga whakamārama reo ā-ipurangi, arā, te Ketewhao Whakamārama reo o Google. Mai i te tau 2012 ka whakamāoritia a Facebook. I te tau 2013 ka whai wāhi te hunga turi ki te reo Māori i te Papakupu Ipurangi Reo Rotarota o Aotearoa.
I tipu ake a Rangi McGarvey i roto i te reo Māori, ā, nō te haerenga rā anō ki te kura ka ako ia i te reo Pākehā. I te tau 1999 ka whai ia i te tohu kaiwhakamārama reo ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki. I whakapau kaha a Makaawe ki ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga, ki ngā pūrongo whakamāori, ki te mahi kaiwhakamārama reo hoki i te Paremata. I ngā huihuinga reorua, pērā i ngā hui a Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, i tuku ia i ngā whakamārama wawe o te reo Māori. ‘Inā noa te pukahu o ngā mahi i ēnei rā, tērā i nanahi. E areare mai ana ngā tari, ā, e kaha ana te iwi ki te kōrero i te reo Māori.’1
I waihangatia te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori i raro i te Ture Reo Māori i te tau 1987. Tētahi o ngā kawenga o Te Taura Whiri he whakatewhatewha, he tuku tohu ki te hunga whakamārama reo. Ko te Toi Reo Māori te ingoa o te Tohu Whakamārama Reo. Ka whakawhiwhia ki ērā ka puta i te whakamātautau ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki. I te tau 2014, 116 ngā kaiwhakamārama reo, ā, tokowhā he Pākehā.
I te tau 2014, ka whakaako te Whare Wānanga o Waikato i te tohu whakamārama reo. Ko Te Rōpū Whakamārama ā-waha, ā-tuhi o Aotearoa te rōpū ā-motu mō ngā kaiwhakamārama reo.
Ahakoa ko ngā whakamāramatanga o te reo Māori me te reo Pākehā e whakaawe nei i te hītori o Aotearoa, he nui noa atu ngā reo kua whai wāhi ki te ahurea o te motu. He Tiamana, he Itari, he Wīwī kē te reo taketake o ētahi o ngā mihinare tōmua i tae mai i te rautau 1800. Nō muri i te whakapākehātanga o ā rātou reta, maharatanga, tuhinga hoki, ka puta ētahi māramatanga hou e pā ana ki ngā tūtakitakinga tōmua ki te Māori.
I te tau 1985 ka tū te whakangungu tuatahi mō ngā kaiwhakamārama reo rotarota o Aotearoa. I te tau 1992 ka tīmata te tītohu ki Te Wānanga Aronui o Tāmaki-makaurau, ā, nāwai ka whakawhānuitia ki te tohu paetahi. Nō te tau 1997 ka tū te kaporeihana o Te Kāhui Kaiwhakamārama Reo Rotarota o Aotearoa.
I te tau 2005 ka waihanga a Julia Marshall i a Gecko Press hei whakaputa i ngā pukapuka tamariki. Ko te nuinga o ngā pukapuka he mea whakamārama i tētahi atu reo. I noho a Marshall ki Sweden, ā, i tumeke ia ki ngā pukapuka tamariki 20 a Ulf Stark i whakamāramatia ki reo kē – heoi kāore i whakapākehātia. ‘Ka kī au, kātahi te mea rerekē, ka whakahoki mai rātou, e kāo, he ritenga noa’. Inā te pai o te pukapuka …kāore i whakapākehātia. Hoki atu, hoki atu, ko taua āhua anō rā.’2 Ko ētahi o ngā kaituhi o Aotearoa pērā i a Catherine Chidgey rāua ko Linda Burgess kua mahi kē mā Gecko. He nui ngā tohu kua whakawhiwhia ki a Gecko.
He nui ngā mahi a ngā kaituhi o Aotearoa kua whakamāramatia ki reo kē, ā, kua whakamāoritia ngā mahi a Witi Ihimaera me Patricia Grace mā.
Nō te tau 2008 ka tuwhera Te Tumu Whakawhiti Tuhinga o Aotearoa ki Te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika-a-Māui; ki te rangahau i ngā take e pā ana ki te whakamārama reo ā-tuhi, ki te taunaki i ngā kaiwhakamārama reo ā-tuhi me te whakawhanake i ngā whakamārama reo ā-tuhi. I te tau 2011 ka tīmata a Toi Aotearoa ki te whakarato i te whakamāramatanga o ngā tuhinga o Aotearoa ki ngā reo manene. I ia tau, neke atu i te 10 ngā puka ka whakaputaina i roto i te reo Tiamana. I te tau 2012 ka piki ki tua atu i te 100. I tērā tau ko Aotearoa te manuhiri tūārangi ki te ahurei pukapuka o Frankfurt.
Curnow, Jenifer, Ngapare K. Hopa and Jane McRae, eds. Rere atu, taku manu! discovering history, language, and politics in the Māori-language newspapers. Tāmakimakaurau: Auckland University Press, 2002.
Parkinson, Phil. ‘“Strangers in the house”: the Māori language in government and the Māori language in Parliament 1865–1900.’ Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 3 (Ākuhata 2001).
Russo, Katherine. Global English, transnational flows: Australia and New Zealand in translation. Berkeley: Tangram, 2012.Top of Form
Tymoczko, Maria, and Edwin Gentzler, eds. Translation and power. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.