E kī ana te kōrero he rerekē te hanga me ngā āhuatanga o tēnā taniwha, o tēnā taniwha. Ahakoa he tipua, ki tā te Māori whakaaro, nō te taiao te taniwha. Kōrero ai ētahi mō te taniwha me tōna kāinga i ngā wai hōhonu o te moana uriuri. Ka whakaaro ētahi mō te taniwha, anō he ngārara nui rawa atu te hanga me te āhua, he kai tangata tana mahi, ka mutu, ka taea e ia te rere ki te rangi. Ko ētahi taniwha anō ō rātou āhua he mangō, he tohorā, he wheke, he rākau tāwhaowhao. Taea ai e ētahi taniwha te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua.
Ko ētahi taniwha he toa, ko ētahi he uwha. Noho ai te taniwha ki te taha o te wai, ki roto rānei i te wai – ngā roto, ngā awa, ngā repo, ngā moana. Kīia ai ō rātou nohoanga, he rua taniwha; ka mutu, ko ēnei wāhi, he wāhi mōrearea, he wāhi kāore i haerea e te tangata, pērā i te kōpua hōhonu, te ana rānei.
Kei ētahi o ngā kōrero e kī ana he weriweri te taniwha, ko tāna mahi he hopu i te tangata hei kai māna. Arā anō tērā kōrero e kī ana, he wā anō ka kāhakina e te taniwha he wāhine hei hoa mōna. Ko te whakatutukitanga o ēnei tūmomo kōrero taniwha, ka patua te taniwha, ka whakahokia te wahine mauhere ki tōna whānau.
Ko ētahi taniwha ka noho hei kaitiaki i tētahi hapū, tētahi iwi ake rānei. Ka whakanuia ēnei tūmomo taniwha; ki te whakahipa he tangata i te rua o te taniwha, me whakaū a ia, me tuku amonga ki te taniwha – he rau rākau mata pea.
He tohu rangatira te taniwha. Tērā te whakataukī a Waikato:
Waikato taniwha rau, he piko he taniwha.
Kei ētahi whakamārama, he whakataukī tēnei mō te nui o ngā taniwha o te awa o Waikato; heoi, ki ētahi atu whakamārama, he kōrero tēnei mō te nui o ngā rangatira o taua rohe. Waihoki, whakahuatia ai ēnei momo kōrero i te hingatanga o te rangatira; ko te kōrero e whai ake nei he mea tango mai i te apakura mō Te Haupā, rangatira o Ngāti Paoa, inā:
Unuhia noatia te taniwha i te rua. 1
He nui ngā taniwha o te moana. E kī ana te kōrero, he tokomaha ngā taniwha i whai mai i ngā waka o ngā tūpuna i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa.
Ko Kupe te tangata nāna a Aotearoa i hura, ko Matawhaorua tōna waka. Tērā tētahi taniwha ko Tuhirangi, he kaitiaki; i waiho e Kupe ki te moana o Raukawa hei ārahi, hei tiaki i ngā waka. Nāwai ā, ka tipu te whakaaro, ko Tuhirangi tērā te aihe rongonui rā i ōna rā, a Pelorus Jack.
He uwha a Āraiteuru, nānā te waka Māmari i ārahi mai i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa. Tērā anō te kōrero e mea ana, nā Āraiteuru rāua ko Ruamano a Tākitimu i arataki ki Aotearoa.
Whai muri i te ūnga mai o Āraiteuru, ka whakawhānau a ia i āna tama tekau-mā-tahi. Katoa rātou i huri haere ki te hōpara me te kerikeri i te whenua – otirā, nā rātou te whanga o Hokianga i keri. Ko tētahi o āna tama ko Waihou, i karikari ia ki te tuawhenua, ka oreore i tōna hiku – ko te roto o Ōmāpere tēnā. Ko tētahi atu o ana tama ko Ōhopa, ka whakatakariri ki te nui o ngā toka ka whakapōrearea i tana huarahi, nō konā ka puta tōna mauāhara ki ngā mea ora katoa. Ka tahuri a ia ki te whakamataku i ngā iwi o ngā pae maunga o Panguru.
He kaitiaki a Āraiteuru mō Te Hokianga, kei tētahi ana i te pito tonga o te whanga tōna rua; noho ai tōna hoa a Niua ki te rae i te raki o Te Hokianga.
He taniwha kau moana a Whātaitai rāua ko Ngake, nā rāua Te Whanganui-a-Tara i keri. E ai ki ngā kōrero, he roto kē taua whanga i ngā rā ki i mua. He taniwha okeoke a Ngake, nāna tētahi huarahi i para kia puta a ia ki te moana o Raukawa. Hāunga Whātaitai, i haere mā huarahi kē; waihoki, ka paea ia ki te whenua, mate atu. Ka whakatopa tōna wairua kia rere ki runga o Tangi-te-keo.
E whakapono ana te Māori, noho ai ētahi taniwha ki roto i te wai māori – ngā roto, ngā awa, ngā repo, a hea atu.
Tērā tētahi taniwha i te whaitua o Heretaunga, ko Te Tau-a-Porirua tōna ingoa, i noho ki te mānia o Ruataniwha. Nā te rangatira rā nā Tara tē taniwha kaitangata rā i hopu, i whakamate. Ka hangaa e Tara tana hīnaki nui rawa atu, ka purua ki ngā kurī e 200 hei mōunu. Ka tukua e ia tana hīnaki ki Te Roto-a-Tara. Taro iho, ka rongo a Te Tau a Porirua ki ngā kurī rā, ka tomo ki roto i te hīnaki. Kātahi ka tōia e Tara te hīnaki rā ki uta, ka patua a Te Tau-a-Porirua. Nō te tapahitanga o te taniwha rā ka kitea ngā tūpāpaku e 200 kei tana puku. Ka tanumia ngā tūpāpaku, ka kainga te taniwha e Tara me tōna iwi.
Ka moe te taniwha rā a Hine-kōrako i tana tāne tangata, a Tāne-kino, ka puta tā rāua tamaiti ko Taurenga. Ka whiua e ētahi o ngā uri o Tāne-kino a Hine-kōrako rā ki te kupu hahani. Nā tana pōuri, ka haere a Hine-kōrako kia noho ki raro i te wairere o Te Rēinga i Te Wairoa. Heoi, ka aroha tonu a ia ki tērā iwi. Ka waipuke ana te awa o Te Wairoa ka puta mai a ia ki te whakaora i ōna uri. Tērā te wā ka karanga tētahi koroua ki a ia kia whakaorangia rātou ko ōna uri i tō rātou waka e kāhakina ana e te ia o te wai ki te wairere o Te Rēinga. Nā Hine-kōrako te waka i āta haere, i whakahoki ki te wāhi haumaru o te wai.
I te tekau tau atu i 1870, ka tuku e Mohi Tūrei o Ngāti Porou tana reta ki te nūpepa rā ki a Te Waka Maori o Niu Tirani, e kōrero ana mō tētahi kōtiro i whakamatea e te taniwha.
I te 20 o Tīhema 1876, ka haere ētahi kōtiro tokowhā ki te kaukau i tētahi hōpua i Waipapa. Mōhiotia whānuitia ai, koianei te rua o te taniwha a Tāminamina. Tokotoru o ngā kōtiro tokowhā rā i te kaukau tahi, ko tō rātou hoa –ko Mereana tōna ingoa – i kauhoe ki rahaki o te awa ka piki mā ētahi toka ki te ngote i ngā pua o tētahi rākau rātā tapu rawa. Nā te aha rā, ka mania a ia ki roto i te wai. Ka whakamātau tōna hoa a Rāhera ki te hopu i a ia; tē taea te aha. Kātahi ka hāparangi ngā waha o ērā o ngā kōtiro, i te mea kua kite rāua i te wai e miro ana, e huka ana i te wāhi i ngaro tō rātou hoa, ka mōhio rāua, e, ko Tāminamina tērā ka haere mai ki te kapo i tō rātou hoa.
Ka tirikohu a Rāhera ki roto i te wai ki te aru i a Mereana, tē kitea. Kātahi ka kauhoe atu a Rahera ki te wāhi pāpaku o te awa; i tōna huringa ka kite ia i ngā wai e ngarungaru ana. Nāwai ā, ka kitea te tinana o Mereana kei runga i taua toka i hinga rā ia. Heoi, nō te hokinga atu o tētahi ope ki te tiki i tōna tinana, kua kore kē. Ko te kōrero a tētahi tohunga, i kāhakina a Mereana e te taniwha, hei utu mō tana ngote i te pua o te rātā tapu.
He maha ngā taniwha he ngārara, he kumi rānei. Ko tētahi taniwha ngārara e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i Aotearoa, ko Ngārara Huarau.
E ai ki tētahi kōrero, ka orotā i a Ngārara Huarau te takiwā o Waimārama i mua i tōna haerenga kia kite i tōna tuahine a Pari-ka-whiti i Te Wairarapa. I mua i tōna wehenga i tōna rua i Waimārama, ka makere ōna unahi ka huri hei tuatara. Taro iho, ka tīmata tana haukoti, tana kai i ngā tira tāngata i te ara. Kotahi te mōrehu i puta ki te whakamōhio i tōna iwi mō ngā mahi a Ngārara Huarau. Waihoki, ka noho te rangatira o taua iwi rā ki te whakataka rautaki hopu, whakamate i te taniwha rā.
Nā, ka whakamahia e te rangatira rā tana iwi kia tapahi ngā rākau i te ara haerea ai e Ngārara Huarau, kia tata tā rātou ngahoro ki te whenua. Kātahi ka whakaihia he kurī kia haere ki te ana o te taniwha rā. I te auau o te kurī rā ka whāia mai e Ngārara Huarau. Kia tae ki te wāhi i tapahia aua rākau rā, ka tutea e Ngārara Huarau tētahi o ngā rākau, ka hinga ki runga i a ia, mate tonu atu.
Tērā tērā ngārara ko Takere-piripiri. Ko tōna ritenga, he tuatara nunui rawa me tōna hiku taratara. Ko Takere-piripiri te kaitiaki o Ōtautahanga, he pā tūwatawata o Ngāti Raukawa. Ka tipu te ora o te iwi i raro i āna manaakitanga, ka waiho e rātou he kete kai papai rawa māna ki mua i tōna ana. Heoi, i tētahi rangi, ka kainga e te iwi ngā tuna e tika ana māna, ko ngā māhunga anake i mahue mai. Nā tana kaha whakatakariri ka kainga e Takere-piripiri ngā tāngata nā rātou āna kai i whakapau. Kātahi ka haere ia ki te pae maunga o Maungakawa, ki reira patupatu ai, kai ai i ngā tira ka whakahipa. Nāwai ā, ka mau a ia e ngā toa o Ngāti Hauā ki roto i tā rātou hīnaki, ka werowerohia a Takere-piripiri kia mate.
He rite te āhua o ētahi taniwha ki te mangō. Tērā tētahi whanga i te raki, ko Mangonui. Nā, i tapaina te whanga nei mō tētahi taniwha kaitiaki (he mangō) nāna te waka a Riukaramea i ārahi ki roto i te whanga. Kāore i ārikarika ngā kōrero tuku iho a te Māori mō te mangō hei taniwha.
Ko ‘Pānia o te ākau’ tētahi o ngā kōrero whaiāipo nui rawa atu a te Māori. He puhi moana a Pānia. Kia tō te rā ka kauhoe a Pānia ki uta noho ai, ā, hei te ata pō ka hoki a ia ki tōna kāinga i te moana. He pū harakeke tōna wāhi huna, kei te taha o tētahi puna wai māori i te take o te pari o Hukarere i te rohe o Ahuriri. Nāwai ā, ka mate wai a Karitoki, tētahi o ngā rangatira, ka haramai ki te puna wai tiki inu māna. I a ia e inu ana, ka kite i a Pānia, ka whakahokia ki tōna kāinga hei hoa wāhine mōna. Hāunga tērā, ia ata ka hoki a Pānia ki te moana.
Nāwai, ā, ka whānau mai he tamaiti tāne ki a Pānia, ko Moremore te ingoa, kāore ōna makawe. Ka kuhu te māharahara ki te rangatira rā, kei riro tana wahine rāua ko tana tama ki te iwi o te moana. Ka haere te rangatira rā kia kite i tētahi tohunga, ka kī atu te tohunga rā ki a ia, ki te waihotia e ia he kai māoa ki runga i te wahine rā me te tamaiti rā, kore rawa rāua e hoki ki te moana. Ka whai te rangatira rā i ngā tohutohu a te tohunga; heoi, ka hapa, ka whakatokangia a Pānia ka tū ki te moana mō ake tonu atu, ka hurihia a Moremore hei mangō. Noho ai ia ki tētahi ana i te moana. Ko te rae o Ahuriri tētahi o ngā wāhi haerea ai e ōna uri. He kaitiaki a Moremore o ngā takutai me ngā kokoru i ngā wā ka haere tōna iwi ki te mahi ika, ki te mahi mātaitai.
Nō te awa o Whanganui a Tūtaeporoporo. He mangō a ia i tōna ahunga ki te ao. Tērā te rangatira rā a Tuariki, ka hopu i tētahi mangō ka waiho ki roto i tētahi awa. Ka nui haere te tipu o te mangō rā, ka nui haere tōna hanga. Nāwai ā, ka panoni te āhua o taua mangō – ka mārō haere, ka taratara haere tōna kiri, ka puta he parirau pekapeka i tōna tuarā, ka huri tana hiku kia rite ki tō te mokomoko. Ka huirapa ōna waewae kia rite ki tō te manu, ko ōna matihao anō he kārearea. Ko tōna ūpoko pērā i te manu kore huruhuru. Ka noho tonu ōna niho pērā tonu i ō te mangō.
Ka taka ki tētahi rā, ka patua a Tuariki e tētahi taua nō Whanganui. Ka matika a Tūtaeporoporo ki te ranaki i te mate o tōna rangatira, ka kauhoe ki te pūaha o te awa o Whanganui. Kia tae ki reira ka noho a Tūtaeporoporo ki tētahi rua i raro i tētahi pari tino teitei. Nāwai ā, ka kitea atu ētahi waka e haere mai ana i te awa. Ka whāia e Tūtaeporoporo kia mau, ka horomia katoatia aua tāngata rā, tae rawa atu ki ō rātou waka.
Koinei te wā tuatahi ka ngau te taniwha rā ki te kiko tangata – me te reka! Kainga katoatia ai e ia ngā tāngata katoa ka haere i te awa. Ka mārama ngā tāngata mō te taniwha rā, ka taka rautaki ki te patu i a ia. Ka kōrero tētahi koroua ko Tama tōna ingoa, kia tīkina a Ao-kehu, he toa rongonui mō te patu taniwha. Waihoki, ka kitea a Ao-kehu rātou ko ana toa whitu tekau me ā rātou māripi e rua. Ka tohua e Ao-kehu tōna iwi kia whakaawaawa i tētahi rākau e uru ai he tangata ki roto. Whāia, me hanga he popoki. Kātahi ka kuhu a Ao-kehu ki roto i te rākau rā, ka taupokina ki te pōtae, ka purupurua ngā wāhi pūare ki te uku, kia pai te mānu i te wai. Nāwai, ka rongo a Tūtaeporoporo i a Ao-kehu, ka haere mai, ka horomia e ia te poro rākau. Ka puta a Ao-kehu i te rākau rā, ka tīmata tana haehae i te puku o te taniwha me te māripi.
Tē taea e Tūtaeporoporo te aha. Nō te rewanga o tōna tinana ki runga, ka paea ki te tahatika o te awa. Ka haramai te iwi rā; kia pokaina tōna tinana, ka puta mai ngā kai i tōna puku – he tangata, he waka, he rākau whawhai, he whao, he pounamu, he aha atu. Ka tanumia ngā tūpāpaku; heoi, ka waihotia noatia a Tūtaeporoporo hei kai mā te manu me te ika.
Arā anō ngā kōrero tuku iho mō ngā tohorā taniwha. Tērā he kōrero mō ngā taniwha tokowhā nā rātou a Tākitimu i ārahi ki Aotearoa – a Hine-kōtea, a Hine-mākehu, a Hine-kōrito, a Hine-huruhuru. Pērā anō a Pane-iraira, nāna a Tainui i arataki ki Aotearoa. Nā te tohorā a Kahutiaterangi i whakaora, hei whakanui i tēnei, ka huri e ia tōna ingoa ki a Paikea.
He tohunga ahurewa a Te Tahi-o-te-rangi i te takiwā o Whakatāne. Nā tōna iwi a ia i whakarere ki te moutere o Whakaari. Ka karakia a ia kia puta a Tūtarakauika, hei kawe i a ia ki uta.
He aihe te kaitiaki o Ngāti Tamaterā i te rohe o Hauraki. Mehemea ka kitea a ia e haututū ana i roto i te awa, ka mōhio te iwi kai te whakaekea rātou e tētahi ope taua.
I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau atu i 1900, tērā tētahi aihe i tapaina ko Pelorus Jack, ka arataki kaipuke i Te Aumiti (French Pass) i Te Wairau. Whakapono ai ētahi Māori ko Tuhirangi kē te aihe teatea rā, arā, te taniwha nāna a Kupe i arataki ki Aotearoa.
I te tau 1900, ka tuhi tētahi tangata ki te nūpepa a Te Pipiwharauroa, mō tētahi aihe pārekareka ka arataki i tōna waka mā Te Aumiti. Ka whakapae a ia he ika tipua tērā. I ngā tau 1955-56 ka puta tētahi aihe uwha ka tākaro me te tini tangata i ngā wai o Opononi i Te Tai Tokerau; ko Opo tōna ingoa kārangaranga. Whakapono ai ngā Māori o taua rohe he taniwha ia.
I te tau 1907, i tae mai te reta ki te niupepa Te Pipiwharauroa mō te taniwha i kitea i Waimārama. I te putanga mai o te taniwha i te moana i kitea he upoko kurī tōna, he huruhuru anō hoki ōna. Tā te ētitā, ‘[K]o te ingoa o te taniwha na, he kekeno, he oioi ranei, he taniwha tapu, kua turengia e te Kawanatanga.’ 1 E ai ki a ia, me waiho te tangata i taua ‘taniwha’ kei hamenetia e te ture.
Ko ētahi taniwha he rākau poro te āhua; kīia ai ēnei, he rākau tipua. Ko ētahi atu tūmomo tipua anō te āhua he ika, he kurī, he kōhatu, he rākau, he maunga. Ki ētahi, he kōhatu tipua te ingoa mō tētahi toka tipua nei. Whāia, kīia ai te tipua rākau poro, he taniwha.
He rākau tipua a Whaiwhaiā i haere i ngā awa o Waikato me ētahi atu rohe, tae rawa atu ki Te Wai Pounamu. Nā te nui o āna haerenga ka puta te whakataukī, ‘Ngā paenga he rau o Whaiwhaiā’.
Kei Waikaremoana tētahi tipua rākau poro ko Tūtaua te ingoa. He taniwha waiata a Tūtaua, i puta ai te kōrero, ‘Ko Tūtaua e waiata haere ana’
Ko Humuhumu te kaitiaki o te waka a Māhuhu i tōna heke ki Aotearoa. Whāia, ka noho a ia hei kaitiaki o Ngāti Whātua ki Kaipara. Ko tōna rite he poro rākau tōtara e tere ana i te hōpua e tūtata ana ki te whanga nui o Kaipara. He taniwha te rākau rā i te mea kāore a ia e tere me te ia, ka haere kē i āna anō haerenga. Nā te pau o ngā mātaitai o tōna hōpua te kai e te tangata, ka haere te taniwha rā, kore mō te hoki mai.
Tērā a Mataura; ka mate he rangatira, ka puta te taniwha rā pēnei i te rākau poro nui rawa atu e mānu ana i te wai.
He maha ngā taniwha ka noho hei kaitiaki i te hapū, hei kaitiaki i te iwi. Hāunga tērā, arā anō ngā taniwha patu tangata. I konei ka matika ngā toa patu taniwha. Inā te hōhonu o ā rātou rautaki mō te patu taniwha.
He taniwha a Hotupuku i noho ki te mānia o Kaingaroa. Nāwai, ka tukuna ētahi hunuhunu ki te whakapātaritari i a ia; waihoki, ka whāia rātou e Hotupuku. Mea rawa ake ka mau a Hotupuku ki roto i tētahi tāwhiti i rangaa i te rau o te tī. Ko Pitaka te rangatira arataki i te ope patu taniwha nei. Whāia, nā Pitaka āna toa i arataki i te hopunga o te taniwha kai tangata rā a Pekehaua i te takiwā ki Rotorua. Ka taka rātou ki te raranga i tētahi kete nui mai te pirita me te tātaramoa, ka rākaitia ki te huru kererū. Ka kuhu ētahi o ngā toa ki roto i te kete kātahi ka tukua rātou ki te hōhonutanga o tētahi puna wai. I reira ka hoa i tā rātou karakia anuhea i te taniwha. Kātahi ka herea e Pitaka te taniwha rā ki te taura; nō te kukumetanga ki runga, ka mate a Pekehaua.
Anei he karakia patu taniwha.
Inā te rua taniwha!
Putē ōna karu
Murara te ahi!
Tau mai te pō
Takina te whakaihi
Ki Rarohenga rawa iho
Moea te Pō
Te Pō-nui
Te Pō-roa
Te Pō riro atu ai e!
1
He taniwha a Kaiwhare. He tata tōna rua ki te whanga o Manukau, arā, i tētahi rua i te taha tonga o Piha. I whakawaia a Kaiwhare kia puta i tōna rua, ka patua e Tāmure me tana mere whakamate taniwha.
Ko Te Kaiwhakaruaki tētahi taniwha o te takiwā i Te Wai Pounamu kei reira te tāone o Collingwood ināianei. Ka haere tētahi kaipatu kekeno ki te patu i a ia. I tana kurunga tuatahi ka mamae katoa te ihu o Te Kaiwhakaruaki; heoi, nō tana kurunga tuarua, ka naomia atu te ringa o te kaipatu kekeno rā, me tōna tinana katoa! He rangatira a Pōtoru nō te takiwā ki Arahura. Nāna te rautaki angitū i whakatakoto hei patu i te taniwha rā. Ka wehea e ia tana ope taua kia toru ngā wāhanga; ko tētahi wāhanga hei hunuhunu, ko ērā wāhanga e rua ka noho ki ngā taha ki te haehae i te taniwha. I te mutunga ka patua te taniwha. He āhua rite ētahi o ngā kōrero mō ēnei toa ki ngā pūrākau Pākehā e mea ana, ka riro ki te toa te wahine ātaahua.
I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 21 ka tutū te puehu mō ētahi mahi kerikeri whenua i ngā wāhi e nōhia ana e te taniwha.
I te tau 2002 ka whakahē a Ngāti Naho ki te whakatakotoranga o te huarahi matua ki te wāhi kei reira te rua o te taniwha rā a Karutahi. Ko te otinga o tēnei take, ka whakaae a Transit NZ kia haere te huarahi mā wāhi kē.
I ātetetia te whakatūnga o tētahi whare herehere ki Ngāwhā i Te Tai Tokerau nā te mea he taniwha kei reira, he rākau poro tōna āhua. Ko Takauere te ingoa o taua taniwha, nā Kareariki, tētahi tipuna o Ngāpuhi, i waihanga. Ko te roto o Ōmāpere tōna nohoanga; hāunga tērā, ka puta anō ia ki ētahi atu wāhi waiariki pērā i a Ngāwhā. Ko te āwangawanga a te hapū ka aukatia te huarahi o te taniwha ki te whakatūria taua whare herehere. Hauwarea, whakatūria ana te whare herehere rā.
Tutū ana te puehu i waenganui i te iwi whānui mō ēnei take. Ka whakapae ētahi he whai pūtea noa iho te take i whakaaratia ake ngā kōrero mō te taniwha, ā, ‘ki te taka he pūtea ki te hunga ātete, ka mutu te raruraru’. Tae rawa ki te iwi Māori, kei te tautohea tonutia te tūturutanga o ngā kōrero mō te taniwha.
Hei tā Witi Ihimaera te kaituhi o The whale rider, he wāhi nui tō te taniwha. Ko Hine Te Ariki te ingoa o tōna ake kaitiaki, he taniwha ka noho ki te awa o Waipāoa. I te wā ko Tahu Pōtiki te kaiwhakahaere matua o Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, ka puta tana whakahē ki te taniwha. Heoi, hei tāna anō, ‘ki te ao Māori, ka noho te taniwha hei hono i te ira tangata ki te ira atua’. 1
Ahakoa ngā whakaaro o tēnā, o tēnā, ka noho tonu te taniwha ki ngā tokonga whakaaro o te maha o ngā iwi.
Orbell, Margaret. A concise encyclopedia of Māori myth and legend. Ōtautahi: Canterbury University Press, 1998.
Reed, A. W. Reed book of Māori mythology. He mea arotake nā Ross Calman. Tāmaki-makau-rau: Reed, 2004.