Tokowhā ngā iwi i te rohe o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, kei te tai rāwhiti o Te Ika-a-Māui. Nā Kiwa te rohe nei i taunaha; nā Pāoa ngā whenua o te tuawhenua i tūhura; nā Hinehākirirangi te kūmara i mau i Hawaiki i tana kete tapu.
Heke iho i ngā rau tau, e whā ngā iwi toitū ki te taha tonga o te tai rāwhiti o te Ika a Māui – a Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, a Rongowhakaata, a Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, a Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti. Ka tīmata te rohe i Paritū i te tonga, ka haere ki Pouawa i te raki, ka toro ki uta ki te hikuwai o ngā awa o Mōtū, o Waipāoa, o Waiōeka, ka huri ki Waikaremoana. Ko Tūranga te pokapū o te iwi. E whakataukītia ana te hītori o te rohe ki te kōrero nei:
Ko Tūranga-a-Mua
Ko Tūranga Ararau
Ko Tūranga Makaurau
Ko Tūranga Tangata-rite
Ko Tūranganui-a-Kiwa.
Ka heke a Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, a Rongowhakaata, a Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, a Ngāti Oneone (hapū o Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti), i ngā tīpuna i rere mai i Hawaiki - a Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, a Horouta, a Tākitimu. Ka pakari ngā hononga i waenganui i ngā iwi i te taenga ki Aotearoa. Ko Māui, rātou ko Paikea, ko Kiwa, ko Pāoa, ko Hine Hakirirangi, ko Tamatea, ko Māia, ko Porourangi, ko Hamō-te-Rangi, ko Tahupōtiki, ko Ruapani, ko Kahungunu, ko Māhaki, ko Rongowhakaata, ko Tāmanuhiri, ko Hauiti ngā tipuna nui o tēnei rohe.
He nui ngā kōrero kei Tūranganui-a-Kiwa mō te manutukutuku. He nui āna tohu: i ngana a Tāwhaki kia kake ki ngā rangi tūhāhā mā te manutukutuku. I whakamahia anō te manutukutuku hei heri kōrero: nā te manutukutuku a Tahupōtiki i whakamōhio kua mate mai tōna tuakana. E whakataukītia ana te nui o te manutukutuku, inā: ‘Ki te ngaro he manutukutuku ki ngā hau, i tōna hokinga mai ka hari anō.’
E ai ki te kōrero, nā Kiwa te rohe o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i taunaha. Nō Tākitimu a ia, i tau mai ki Aotearoa i mua i a Horouta. Nā te roa e tatari ana kia tau mai a Horouta, ka kīia e Kiwa te wāhi i tau mai ai a Horouta, ko Tūranganui-a-Kiwa. He kōrero anō mō te wā e tiro ana a Kiwa ki waho ki te moana, e tangi ana mō tana tama ka ngaro. Arā anō te kōrero mō Kiwa me tā rāua whakataetae ko Tamatea, te rangatira o Tākitimu. Nā Tamatea te taha raki o te whanga i taunaha, koirā a Tūranga-a-Ruamatua; ka tahuri a Kiwa, ka whakaingoatia e ia te taha tonga o te whanga, a Tūranganui-a-Kiwa.
Tīmata mai ai ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i te taenga mai o Horouta i Hawaiki. I ū mai a Horouta ki Ōhiwa, i te rawhiti o te Moana-a-Toitehuatahi. Heoi, i te whakawhitinga i te tāhuna, Te Tukerae-o-Kanawa, ka tapotu te waka, ka whati te haumi. Ka haere a Pāoa mā ki uta ki te kimi i tētahi rākau tika hei whakapai i te waka. Kia pāmamao atu i te moana, ka tae rātou ki tētahi maunga tiketike, ka kitea te rākau. Ka whakaingoatia taua rākau ko Maunga Haumi. Ka mimi a Pāoa ki taua wāhi, ka rere ko te Mimi-a-Pāoa, ko te awa o Mōtū e rere ana ki te raki, ko te awa o Waipāoa, ka rere whakatetonga mā-rāwhiti ki tōna putanga ki te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
Kia tika rā anō te waka, ka huri āwhio ia i Te Tai Rāwhiti ki ngā takutai i te tonga. Ka tūtaki ngā tāngata o Horouta ki te tangata whenua; ka noho mai ētahi, heoi ka haere whakatetonga tonu te waka. Nāwai ā, ka tae rātou ki tētahi whanga nui, e tū ana te tūāhu a Kiwa. Ka tahuri rātou ki te taunaha i te rohe mō te iwi o Horouta.
Ka moe a Hine Akua, te tamāhine a Pāoa, i a Kahutuanui, te tama a Kiwa. Ko Hine Hakirirangi te tuahine a Pāoa, nānā te kūmara i mau mai i Hawaiki i tana kete. Ka whakatōngia e ia ngā purapura kūmara ki Manawarū me Āraiteuru hei oranga mō te iwi.
Ka whakapapa ngā iwi katoa o Tūranganui ki ngā tīpuna nei.
Ka heke ngā kāwai rangatira katoa o Tākitimu me Horouta ki runga i a Ruapani: he uri nō Kiwa, nō Pāoa, nō Hine Hakirirangi. Nā Ruapani tōna mana i pou ki runga i a Tūranganui-a-Kiwa. Ko Popoia tōna pā, i tū ki Te Waituhi-a-Māia (Waituhi), i te uru o te awa o Waipāoa. Tokotoru ngā wāhine a Ruapani, ka kapi katoa ngā iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i a ia.
Ko Māia te rangatira o Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, nō muri kē i a Tākitimu rāua ko Horouta. E kī ana te kōrero, nāna te purapura hue i mau mai i Hawaiki. Ahakoa ka whai ia i ōna whanaunga ki Waikaremoana, i tōna matenga, ka whakahokia ōna kōiwi kia takoto ki te ana o Kohurau i te pae maunga o Maungaroa.
Ka tūtaki ngā iwi o Tūranga ki te Pākehā i te taunga mai o Kāpene Hēmi Kuki me tōna kaipuke a Endeavour ki Tūranga i ngā marama tōmuri o te tau 1769. I te ngana o ngā kauhoe a Kuki kia tae ki uta, ka riri rātou ki ngā Māori, ko te otinga i patua, i taotū ētahi o ngā Māori.
Kia tae ki te wāhanga tōmuri o te rau tau 1700, ka tīmata te taetae o ngā kaipatu tohorā me ngā tauhokohoko Pākehā ki te tai rāwhiti. Ko te tangata rongonui rawa atu o ēnei, ko Thomas Halbert, he Pākehā i makere mai i tētahi kaipuke whai tohorā i Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, i te tau 1832. Tokoono āna wāhine, tokotoru nō Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, tokorua nō Rongowhakaata, kotahi nō Ngāti Kahungunu. Ka rongo te rohe me te motu i ngā mahi a ngā uri o Thomas Halbert.
Nō ngā tau tōmuri o te tekau tau atu i 1830, ka tae te Rōpu Hāhi Mihinare (Church Missionary Society) ki te Whanga-o-keno (East Cape). Nā Te Wiremu (William Williams) te whare mīhana i Tūranga i waihanga i te tau 1840, ā, ka manaakitia e nga Māori huri noa i te takiwā.
I te marama o Mei, 1840, ka hainahia e ngā rangatira e 24 o Tūranga (ko te nuinga nō Rongowhakaata, ko ētahi nō Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki me Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti) tētahi tārua o te Tiriti o Waitangi. Nō muri, ka tīmata te hoko me te rīhi i te whenua, ka nui haere te Pākehā ka noho i te whenua.
He tokoiti noa ngā tāngata o Tūranga i kuhu ki ngā pakanga o ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1860. I taua wā, kua pakaru mai ngā riri i waenganui i ngā Māori - e hiahia ana kia pupuri ki ō rātou whenua – me te kāwanatanga – e hiahia ana ki ngā whenua, e hiahia ana hoki ki te whakatū i tōna mana. Heoi, nō te tahuritanga o te kāwanatanga ki te raupatu i ngā whenua o te Māori, ka mārō ngā whakaaro o ngā iwi o Tūranga ki te kāwanatanga.
Nō te tau 1865, ka tae ngā poropiti o te Pai Mārire ki roto i a Tūranga; tini te tangata i huri ki taua whakapono. Ka whāia ratou e ngā hōia a te kāwanatanga. I te riri ki Waerenga-a-hika, he Māori i tū ki tētahi taha, he Māori i tū ki tētahi taha. Ka kawea ngā mauhere a te kāwanatanga ki Wharekauri. Ko tētahi o ngā mauhere nō Rongowhakaata, ko tōna ingoa, ko Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Tūruki.
He tauira a Te Kooti mō tētahi wā ki te kura mīhana o Wiremu Wiremu. I te riri ki Waerenga-a-Hika, i te taha a ia o te kāwanatanga. Hāunga tērā, ka mauherea a ia i runga i te whakapae he pūrahorua a ia. Nā tana hara kore ka mauāhara ia. Nō muri i ana matakite, ka tū a Te Kooti hei poropiti mō ngā mauhere ki Wharekauri, ā, kawea rātou e ia kia puta ki waho. Neke atu i te 200 ngā tāngata i rere i runga i te kaipuke Rifleman. I te marama o Hūrae 1868 ka tau te kaipuke ki Whareongaonga ki Tūranga. I muri i tētahi pakanga ki ngā hōia a te kāwanatanga ka hāngai tana titiro ki te tāone o Tūranga. He tokomaha i patua, Māori mai, Pākehā mai. I ngā tau i muri mai, ka arumia a Te Kooti ki Te Urewera, tae atu hoki ki te rohe o Taupō. Kore rawa a ia i hinga i mau rānei. Taro rawa, ka puta ia i te rohe pōtae o Maniapoto, ki reira marumaru ai. E ai ki ētahi Pākehā, Māori hoki, he tangata weriweri a Te Kooti. Heoi, ki tōna iwi, he matakite, he poropiti a ia. Nāna i waihanga te Hāhi Ringatū, ko tā ratou tohu ko te ringa ka tū hei whakahōnore i te Atua i te mutunga o ngā inoi.
Whai muri i ngā pakanga o te tekau tau atu i 1860, ka whakawehia ngā iwi o te tai rāwhiti e te kāwanatanga i tana kī, ka raupatuhia e ia ō rātou whenua. Hei whakamāhaki i te whakapae nei, ka whakaae ngā rangatira kia tukua ētahi whenua ki te Karauna. Ka whakaae anō rātou kia rangahaua ngā taitara o ngā whenua o te rohe e te Kōti Whenua Māori. I te tau 1869 ka tīmata te Kōmihana o Tūranganui (Poverty Bay Commission) ki te tuku taitara whenua ki te hunga kāore i pakanga ki te Karauna i muri i te tau 1863. Ko ētahi iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i tāmia kinohia e ngā whakatau a te kōmihana, ko ētahi iwi ka whiwhi. Nō te tekau tau atu i 1870, ka horapa te Rōpū Whakahētanga Hoko Whenua (Repudiation Movement) ki roto o Tūranga, ko tāna kaupapa, he ātete i te hoko i ngā whenua Māori.
I te tau 1880 ka whakatūria e te Māori me te Pākehā Te Kamupene Whakanoho Whenua o te Tai Rāwhiti (East Coast Settlement Company), ki te rīhi i ngā whenua hei painga mō ngā kaipupuri Māori. Ahakoa i hinga te kaupapa, ka puritia ngā whenua ki raro i te kaitiakitanga o te ture East Coast Native Land Trusts Act 1902. Nō muri, ka whāia tēnei momo whakahuihui whenua Māori e ētahi atu. I te rau tau 1900, ka kuhu ngā iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa ki ngā kaupapa ahuwhenua a Āpirana Ngata, te mema paremata o te tai rāwhiti mō ngā tau 1905 ki te 1943. Ka whakatūria ētahi kaporeihana nui rawa, i raro i ngā whakahaere o ngā iwi, e tōtika ai te whakamahi i ngā whenua.
I te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, i kitea ngā iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i te Rōpū Paionia o Niu Tīreni (New Zealand Pioneer Battalion), te rōpū o ngā hōia Māori. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka kuhu ngā tama a Tūranganui-a-Kiwa ki te Ope Taua 28 (Māori) o Aotearoa (28th New Zealand (Māori) Battalion). Nā Kīngi Āreta Keiha o Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, o Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, o Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti, te ope Māori i ārahi mō tētahi wā i te tau 1943. I kaha ngā tautoko a te iwi i ngā hōia i te wā o te pakanga me tō rātou hokinga mai ki te kāinga. Nā te wāhine ēnei kaupapa i ārahi; ngā wāhine rangatira pēnei i a Hēni Materoa Carroll, i a Lena Matewai Ruru mā. I kaha anō ngā iwi o Tūranganui ki te tautoko i ngā kaupapa pēnei i te Rōpū Wāhine Toko i te Ora.
I te tau 1986 ka whakatūria Te Rūnanga o Tūranganui a Kiwa hei māngai whakahaere mō ngā iwi o Rongowhakaata, o Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, o Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki. Ko tāna, he whakarato āwhina mō te hapori, te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā hākinakina, te whakawhanake hoki i ngā whenua me ngā rawa. Whakahaerehia ai anō e te runanga tētahi reo irirangi ka tuku kōrero i roto i te reo Māori. Kei te mahi tahi te runanga me te Gisborne Herald, ki te whakaputa i a Pīpīwharauroa, tētahi nūpepa ā-marama.
In the New Zealand censuses since 1991, residents of Māori descent were asked to indicate the tribe to which they were affiliated. The figures below show the number who indicated the Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes (including those who indicated more than one tribe), and the regions where they were found in the greatest numbers.
Also shown are the numbers of each tribe living in the major regions at the 2001 census.
Binney, Judith. Redemption songs: a life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki. Auckland: Auckland University Press/Bridget Williams Books, 1995.
Halbert, R. W. Horouta: the history of the Horouta canoe, Gisborne and East Coast. Auckland: Reed, 1999.
Robinson, Sheila. Gisborne exposed: the photographs of William Crawford, 1874–1913. Gisborne: Te Rau, 1990.
Ko te pae tukutuku o Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki.
Koinei te pae tukutuku o te rōpū whakahaere o ngā iwi o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa. Kei runga ko ngā pārongo mō ngā whakahaere me ngā āwhina kei te whakaratoa; he kōrero anō mō ngā iwi me ngā whenua.
http://www.geocities.com/wrere50/frame.html
Koinei te pae tukutuku o te kapa haka o Waihīrere, o te rohe o Tūranganui-a-Kiwa. Ko ngā kōrero, e pā ana ki te ahunga mai o te rōpū, e ahu pēhea ana ia, ko wai āna tāngata.